INTRODUCTION
Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native peoples in Mesoamerica for more than 3,000 years. Today, the recreational use of hallucinogenic fungi by Westerners is widespread, especially in various regions of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, Great Britain, Europe (especially in the Netherlands), Scandinavia, South America, Southeast Asia, India, Bali, Samoa; Australia and New Zealand. The modern, non-traditional use of
hallucinogenic mushrooms has been stimulated, by media reports in newspapers, magazines, word-of-mouth communication, the
World Wide Web and Internet, and also by the scholarly and popular journal publications of the renown ethnomycologist R. Gordon
Wasson, (Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary, traveler Jeremy Sanford, health guru Andrew Weil, and others (see Allen , Merlin &Jansen, 1991).This field guide reviews the history of both the accidental and purposeful use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and New
Zealand. Information in this guide has been gathered from personal experiences in Australia by the author and from reports in the scientific literature, news items appearing in the popular press, and personal communications with Australian and New Zealand (NZ)
professionals (Unsigned 1970; O'Neill, 1986). High Hawaiians Psilocybe Tampelandia Co
Mail Cortijo-Romero Cortijo-Romero In Nl Itamogi Loc Loc Loc Mg Nl this report, the doctor believed that although the survey involved surfers and their female
friends, there is no suggestion that the use of these drugs is confined to this group, which constitutes but a proportion of our
young drug taking community. It is thus likely that word-of-mouth communication made a significant contribution Mail Remax Sapphire Ist Com Loc Nl to the
increasing use of magic mushrooms in Australia and NZ. gov loc:NL br br
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experience lasted about six hours. No ill effects
followed. There was no headache, nor any
disturbance of the digestion.
During the winter of 1915, a species of
Panaeolus spontaneously appeared in a mushroom
greenhouse in New York. These fruiting bodies
were accidentally eaten together with the
champignons that were cultivated there. This error
led to cases of intoxications so remarkable that
Murrill described the mushroom as Panaeolus
venenosus. Some time passed before it was
discovered that this species had previously been
described as Agaricus
subbalteatus B. & Br. from England in 1861. The
combination term that is in use today, Panaeolus
subbalteatus (B.& Br.) Sacc. was first published in
1887.
Other cases of intoxications with similar
symptoms caused by the Panaeolus species have
been reported in the United States (1917), as well
as from Australia (after 1940), where the species
involved was described as "Panaeolus ovatus
Cooke & Massee".
In 1939, these reports induced Schultes,
in agreement with Linder's classification
experiments, to publish as Panaeolus sphinctrinus
(Fr.) Quel. the teonanacatl mushroom described
in the Mexican literature from the 16th and 17th
centuries.
However, Wasson, Heim and their
collaborators, as well as Singer, were unable to
document the usage of Panaeolus mushrooms in
Mexico, in addition to their reports about the usage
of psychoactive Psilocybe species from the 1950s.
By 1959, even Guzman referred to this species as
"the false teonanacatl". So far, he has been unable
to document native usage of any Panaeolus
species in Mexico. In fact, the natives of Mexico
consider bluing, hallucinogenic Panaeolus
mushrooms to be poisonous.
Despite the poisoning case reported in
England, the early German literature does not
classify Panaeolus species as poisonous (see
Figure 27). The Psilocybe species were treated
similarly.
Figure 27 describes the mushroom's
characteristics as accurately as Figure 3 (p. 6)
depicts its habitus. More recent descriptions are
usually less detailed and thorough than Michael &
Schulz's from 1927.
In Germany, a case of intoxication with
Panaeolus mushrooms was first reported in 1957
(see Figure 28). From today's perspective, it
appears that the mushroom responsible for the
intoxication was most likely Panaeolus retirugis
(Fr.) Gill.
About 30 to 60 minutes after ingestion of
the cooked mushrooms, the woman's field of
vision began to quiver increasingly. At the same
time, her pupils were extremely dilated. As she
began to have difficulties breathing, she suffered
a full-fledged anxiety attack. All objects appeared
as if obscured by curtains. After the effects had
subsided, no symptoms of lasting damage could
be detected.
In 1970, another poisoning case with
Panaeolus subbalteatus occurred in Leipzig.
Similar to the 1915 incident in New York, the
mushrooms spontaneously emerged among a
culture of artificially cultivated mushroo or or life-bio or or
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the
course of his selfexperiment on June 29,
1955.
Very little is known about the chemical
composition of the collections cited above. I
analysed a few mushrooms from collections
found in the Rheinland area of Germany in
1989. The results were as follows:
Psilocybin: 0.51 % of dried mushrooms
Psilocin: 0.08 % of dried mushrooms
Baeocystin: 0.04% of dried mushrooms
A few other analyses of German
mushrooms yielded similar results. These
values were well within the range of
concentrations of alkaloids found in Mexican
species.The most extensive studies on
distribution, psychoactivity and chemical
compounds of Psilocybe cyanescens complex
were conducted in the former
Czechoslovakia, where the mushrooms are
generally known as Psilocybe bohemica, a
name which is also used in the text below.
well as on decaying pine cones. Several
specimens up to 15 cm (6 in.) tall with caps up to
5 cm (2 in.) broad were found growing on a
rotting log whose
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underside was exposed to the
running water. A water-loving Psilocybe species,
it primarily fruits in late autumn (see Figure 21,
below), when short night frosts induce maximum
possible fruiting. The brown caps are strongly
hygrophanous and their color fades to a whitemilky
brown when dried.
Its odor has been
compared to anything from radishes to poppies.
In my experience, the odor is highly variable and
thus difficult to define. Young, dry mushrooms
develop intensely blue stains in response to
handling, while older fruiting bodies tend to be
found at the location with dark blue stains already
in place.
It is remarkable that the mushrooms
were fruiting at the same location near Poricko
for so many years in a row, producing a large
number of fruiting bodies each year.
Unfortunately, in recent years the location was
partially destroyed, due to construction of a road.
By late 1982, the mushroom species had
been found at 51 locations in the former
Czechoslovakia, with only seven of them located
in Bohemia, 40 in Moravia, and four in Slovakia.
Elevations vary from 200 m to 700 m (600 ft to
2,100 ft) above sea level, with only two locations
known to exist above 700 m (2,100 ft). By this
time, 112 collections had been reported, 44 of
which came from the classic location near
Sazava.
An Amazing Discovery Near Poricko
Kubicka first discovered the species on
December 6 and 13, 1942 in the Kresicky
Creek Valley village of Poricko v Pozavi near
Sazava (Czech Republic).
In 1950,
mycologist Herink described the mushrooms
in detail. He also believes that Fries classified
mushrooms of the Psilocybe cyanescens
complex as Psilocybe callosa during the 19th
century.
Cubensis Shrooms On November 11, 1986 I had the
opportunity to work with Herink and other
Czech mycologists on a mycological field
research project at the location, where we
found 440 fruiting bodies (550 g or 19.6 ozs).
Covering a segment almost two miles long,
the species was fruiting among nettles along
both sides of th
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Mycologists are prone to exaggerate the importance of mushroom poisonings
in history. In their writings we repeatedly find a
mail life-bio or jp loc:NL list of eminent persons who have
died allegedly from eating poisonous mushrooms, a list that they copy Nl Loc Loc Mail Mail Com Mail from each
other without verification. Sometimes we read that Euripides lost his wife and
two daughters thus, an assertion Mail Program Com Tw Loc Nl unsupported by any ancient text, apparently
based on a misreading of Athenaeus.
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